Face Recognition Attendance System

Face Recognition Attendance System In the 21st century, everything around us has become depends upon technology to make our life much easier. Daily tasks are continuously becoming computerized. Nowadays more people prefer to do their work electronically. To the best of our knowledge, the process of recording students attendance at the university is still manual. Lecturers go through manual attendance sheets and signed papers to record attendance. This is slow, inefficient and time consuming. The main objective of this project is to offer system that simplify and automate the process of recording and tracking students attendance through face recognition technology. It is biometric technology to identify or verify a person from a digital image or surveillance video. Face recognition is widely used nowadays in different areas such as universities, banks, airports, and offices. We will use preprocessing techniques to detect, recognize and verify the captured faces like Eigenfaces method. We aim to provide a system that wi ll make the attendance process faster and more precisely. The core problem is identified along with solutions and project path. Furthermore, detailed system analysis and design, user interface, methods and the estimated results are presented through our documentation. Keywords: Attendance; Automate; Recording; biometric; face recognition; FRAS Face Recognition Attendance System NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology UML Unified Modeling Language IDE Integrated Development Environment MS Microsoft VS Visual Studio SQL Structured Query Language SSMS SQL Server Management Studio OO Object Oriented 1.1 Introduction Office automation refers to the collective hardware, software and processes that enable automation of the information processing and communication tasks in an organization. It involves using computers and software to digitize, store, process and communicate most routine tasks and processes in a standard office. [1] In addition, attendance considered as the biggest issues that may face lecturers in class. It takes time, effort and difficult to manage. Therefore, our project will focus on online student attendance. In another word, the aim of this project is to build a system that help lecturers take students attendance in a professional way. 1.2 Problem Definition Taking and tracking students attendance manually, losing attendance sheets, dishonesty, wasted time and high error scales are problems facing the lecturers use the existing attendance system. It is a hard process, take time and cause a lot of paper-based work. As a result, in order to solve these problems and avoid errors we suggest to computerize this process by providing a system that record and manage students attendance automatically without needing to lecturers interference. 1.3 Project Objectives Our primary goal is to help the lecturers, improve and organize the process of track and manage student attendance and absenteeism. Additionally, we seek to: Provides a valuable attendance service for both teachers and students. Reduce manual process errors by provide automated and a reliable attendance system uses face recognition technology. Increase privacy and security which student cannot presenting himself or his friend while they are not. Produce monthly reports for lecturers. Flexibility, Lectures capability of editing attendance records. Calculate absenteeism percentage and send reminder messages to students. 1.4 Project Scope Our project targets the students of different academic levels and faculty members. The main constraint we faced is distinguishing between identical twins. This situation is still a challenge to biometric systems especially facial recognition technology. According to Phillips and his co-researcher paper [2] to get the best results of the algorithms your system employed, they should run under certain conditions for taken pictures (i.e age, gender, expressions, studio environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc.) otherwise, the problem is still ongoing. They provide application (method) to solve this problem, but in order to use this solution you have to sign a contract with the (NIST) organization and to be a researcher or developer. For us, to solve this issue we suggest to record twins attendance manually. 1.5 Contributions of This Study We have searched for a system that can take, monitor and manage students attendance and absenteeism, send reminder messages, calculate absenteeism percentage, and produce weekly, monthly, and annual reports. Based on our searches, there is no integrated system can support our idea. In this project, we are trying to develop such a system that can do all those tasks. Our project will serve students, lecturers, and the university as whole. 1.6 Project Timeline We utilized Gantt chart in figure 1.1, to show a project schedule with the start and finish dates of several tasks of a project and the deadline to submit the project. 1.7 Document Organization This project consists of six chapters. These chapters organized to reflect the scientific steps toward our main objective. A brief description about the contents of each chapter given in the following paragraphs: Chapter 1 introduces the problem definition, project objectives, the contribution of this project, the scope of the work, and the project layout. Chapter 2 provides the reader with an overview of the literature review. Chapter 3 displays the analysis of the existing system, requirements elicitation which includes (functional requirements, nonfunctional requirements, User Requirements.), requirements specification, research methodology. Chapter 4 displays the architectural design, object oriented design figure. Chapter 6 displays the conclusion that includes limitation and future work.    2.1 Introduction Over the past decade, taking down students attendance process had been developed and changed.The driven force of this development is the desire to automate, facilitate, speed up and save time and efforts. Although that the attendance systems are around us everywhere, Taibah university lecturers still use a traditional way to record students attendance either through calling out students names or through a passing attendance sheet among students to sign beside their names. Both ways are time consuming and associated with high error scales. In this project, we attempt to reduce wasted time, eliminate buddy clocking, and automate the process. Our system uses facial recognition technology to record the attendance through a high resolution digital camera that detects and recognizes faces and compare the recognize faces with students faces images stored in faces database. Once the recognized face matches a stored image, attendance is marked in attendance database for that person. The process will repeat if there are missed faces. For example, if there are 4 faces missed for a bad position while the detecting phase, then this phase will start again to detect the missed faces and recognize them and continue the attending process. By the end of the month, a monthly report is send to the lecturer contains attendance and absence rates as a chart and the names of absentees. Also, a warning message sends to the student if he passes the allowed number of absence. In this chapter, we present a brief overview of face recognition in the background section, relevant works to our project with their advantages and disadvantages, how we relate to these studies and how this project can provide some beneficial features for lecturer. 2.2 Background Most lecturers have a significant number of students and it is hard to keep taking or tracking all their absence. Facial recognition is commonly used in many institutions to take attendance of a significant number of students. There are many errors that could occur during this process, including misidentification and self-recognition [3]. Lecturer can control the errors and correct it. In the next subsection, brief overview of the usage,techniques, and methods in facial recognition. 2.2.1 Face Recognition Usage Face recognition rises from the moment that machine started to become more and more intelligent and had the advance of fill in, correct or help the lack of human abilities and senses. [4]. Common uses ofFacial recognition clarify in following points; Security; can be crime-fighting it will recognize people based on their eyes, nose and face. Searching for lost people. Games Taking student or employee attendance 2.2.2 Face Recognition Techniques and Methods Many factors influence the process of face recognition such as shape, size, pose, occlusion, and illumination. Facial recognition, have two different applications: basic and advanced . Major face recognition recognizes faces or no faces such as balls and animals. If it is a face, then the system searches for eyes, a nose, and a mouth. Advanced facial recognition manages the question on a specific face. This contains unique landmarks: the width of nose, wideness of the eyes, the depth and angle of the jaw, the height of cheekbones, and the separation between the eyes, and makes a unique numerical code. Utilizing these numerical codes, the system then matches that image with another image and distinguishes how comparable the pictures are to each other. The image provenance for face recognition include pre-existing pictures from various databases and video camera signals. [5] A facial recognition system involves the following phases: Face detection, feature extraction, and face recognition as illustrated in Figure 2.1. [5] Figure 2.1:General structure of the face recognition system. The following table compares some of the biometric technology used lately. Table ‎2.1: Comparison among some of the biometric technologies Biometric Technology Accuracy Price Tools required Facial recognition Moderate Moderate Camera Voice recognition Moderate Moderate Microphone Fingerprint High Moderate Scanner 2.3 Related Work In this section, we highlight some related works that were developed to recognize faces and takedown attendance together with the advantages and disadvantages of each system. 2.3.1 Review of Relevant Work 2.3.1.1 Auto Attendance Using Face Recognition (by Mahvish Tania) Figure 2.2: Screenshot of Main Interface (Admin Tasks Interface) Figure 2.3: Screenshot of Auto Attendance systems interface In this project, we have two users responsible for the system [6]. The instructor who takes the attendance and admin who is responsible for managing students faces in the faces database. Admin selects a camera to capture, collect and save images to database or a folder. After the collection and saving the process done the trainingSet manager start to extract faces from the image by face detection. Finally, the trainingSet manager (Admin) will add the extracted image -person- to class or trainingSet. And as you can see in the illustrated figure, 2.3 above, attendance is taken down by recognizing the faces through a web camera and automatically marked in attendance sheet with daytime. The instructor chooses the course ID and the class ID to begin the attending process. Advantages: The system stores the faces that are detected and automatically marks attendance. Provide authorized access. Ease of use. Multiple face detection. Provide methods to maximize the number of extracted faces from an image. Disadvantages: The accuracy of the system is not 100%. Face detection and loading training data processes just a little bit slow. The instructor and trainingSet manager still have to do some work manually. 2.3.1.2 Attendance System on Face Detection (By NevonProjects) The system is created for employing a simple and a secure way of recording attendance. First of all, the software takes a picture of all the authorized individuals and stores the information into the systems database. Then, the system stores pictures by mapping it into a face match structure. The system will recognize the registered person and mark his/her attendance along with the arrival time whenever he/she enters the locations again [7]. Advantages: The system stores the faces that are detected and automatically marks attendance. Ease of use. Manipulate and recognize the faces in real time using live video data. Multiple face detection. Multipurpose software. Can be used in different places. Disadvantages: The accuracy of the system is not 100%. It can only detect face from a limited distance. It cannot repeat live video to recognize missed faces. 2.3.1.3 Face Login Face Login allows you to log in to your PC by looking at your webcam. FaceLogin associates user accounts with a picture, and then, when looking at your webcam, you can login because it detects you on the webcam. [8] Advantages: Only an administrator can run FaceLogin and change its settings. More than one way to configure users. Can store more than one image for a user to maximize face detection. Disadvantages: Applications accuracy is not 100%. Adding users manually. Associated risks with stored data and images. Uses traditional way to access the application. Limited use. 2.3.1.4 Biometric Face Detection Attendance Systems Face recognition systems with time attendance provide multi-biometric and multi-authentication modes. Attached with high resolution infra-red camera works in low light, best face recognition algorithms and identification methods. Advantages Convenient. Provide many recognition ways. High accuracy. Used for secure purposes. Provide many communication models. Disadvantages Limited capacity. Detect faces from a limited distance. People stand in a queue to take their attendance. Screen size. Still uses traditional authentication PIN way. 2.3.1.5 C-400 Facial Recognition Clocking System Facial recognition timing systems will give you precise attendance information and stop employees buddy clocking when employee sing on behalf of his colleague-. [9] Advantages C-400 Face recognition timing technology reduces any likelihood of your employees signing for each other in/out. Complete suite of reports. Printable attendance register in the event of an emergency. Disadvantages There is no External Bell Attachment. Device is expensive. The face has to be in front of the device to record attendance. 2.3.1.6 Churchix Face Recognition Software Churchix presents face recognition software, which takes someones face through a picture or video and then identifies it by comparing it with those in a database of pictures. The software is becoming more common in every day interactions. [10] Advantages: Attending members in videos and photos. High quality photos. High accuracy. Disadvantages: Some people they see as a threat to privacy. Inability to capture all the faces in the video. Restart the video several times to capture all faces. Figure 2.5: Screenshot of Churchix Face Recognition Software 2.3.2 Relationship Between the Relevant Work and Our Own Work Table ‎2.2: Comparison among applications viewed in the previous section Application Auto Attendance Using Face Recognition by: MahvishTania Attendance System on Face Detection By: NevonProjects Face Login Biometric Face Detection Attendance Systems C-400 Facial Recognition Clocking System Churchix Face Recognition Software Face Recognition Attendance System Database à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Hardware PC Webcam PC , camera Pc , webcam Camera camera PC , camera PC , camera Language C# C# unknown Unknown unknown unknown C# Scope student student anyone employees employees anyone Student light-on when-the camera starts à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Fast Face detection à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ unlimited distance à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ High accuracy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ From table 2.2, the main point in our project is to create a system that facilitates students attending process. The following points summarize features will be adopted in the system: The light on when the camera starts facial recognition because reduce the error There are screen next to the camera to display the result of attendees and absentees The system at the end of the class update attendance sheet 2.4 Summary An automatic attendance management system is needed tool for huge organizations. Many organizations have been used face recognition system such as train stations, airports, and companies. Overall, this chapter provided an overview of some related works that were developed with their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, we compare between the relevant work and our own work and show the differentiation between them. The matter that has to be taken into consideration in the future is a method to guarantee users privacy. Whenever an image is stored on servers, it must be impossible for unauthorized person to get or see that image. 3.1 Introduction This chapter examines the analysis that determined the adequacy of the existing attendance system and identifies the requirements of the new system. Additionally, a specification of functional, nonfunctional and user requirements will be presented to understand how the system will work. In the term of analyzing these requirements, UML diagrams of the new system will be presented. 3.2 Analysis of Existing Systems In the school, colleges and universities attendance system are used to keep the record of a student presence and absence. It is true that the Taibah University has an electronic system but still needs a manual intervention. There are two case to attend students: First, add students attendance directly to the attendance web page. Second, write attendees names on a paper then move it to the web page. These two cases have drawbacks such as in the first case, there is a possibility to disconnect the connection and chose the wrong date. In the second case, there is a chance to loss the paper and it is a waste of resources We did a questionnaire that was targeted a lecturer in Taibah University and the number of participants nineteen. The aim of this questionnaire is to determine the satisfaction of the current system. Here are some questions and their statistics. As shown in figure 3.1, 84.2% of lecturers do not like the existing systems, we should take into consideration this percentage and develop a new attendance system. As can be seen from the Figure 3.2, 84.2% of the lecturer sees the existing system not suitable for all people like deaf. This is one of the drawbacks of the existing system, and there are more such as: There is always a chance of forgery (one person signing the presence of the other one) More manpower is required (some person to take attendance) To overcome the problems in the existing system, we will develop a face recognition attendance system. The majority of lecturer sees as in the figure 3.3, if we replace the current system with a biometric system it will be successful. Overall these statistics, the lecturer is not satisfied about the existing attendance system. 3.3 Requirements Elicitation The requirements are the descriptions of the system services and constraints. 3.3.1 Functional Requirements System functional requirement describes activities and services that must provide. Taking and tracking student attendance by facial recognition in specific time. Sending the names of the absent student directly to the lecturer Permitting the lecturer to modify the student absent or late. Showing the names of who is absent or late in the screen to avoid errors. 3.3.2 Non-Functional Requirements Nonfunctional Requirements are characteristics or attributes of the system that can judge its operation. The following points clarify them: Accuracy and Precision: the system should perform its process in accuracy and Precision to avoid problems. Modifiability: the system should be easy to modify, any wrong should be correct. Security: the system should be secure and saving students privacy. Usability: the system should be easy to deal with and simple to understand. Maintainability: the maintenance group should be able to fix any problem occur suddenly. Speed and Responsiveness: Execution of operations should be fast. 3.3.3 User Requirements or Domain requirements Tools that the user must have in order to use the system and obtain good results: Software Requirements: windows7 or higher, SQL and visual studio. Hardware Requirements: high resolution camera and screen. 3.4 Requirements Specification Use case diagram is one of Unified Modeling Language (UML) that describes the system functionality, what actors that interact with the system and any associations between use cases. As shown in figure 3.4, the FRAS has actors named Admin, Lecturer and Student which are the main users of the system. Other actor, timer which turns camera on to record attendance by detecting and recognizing faces. 3.4.1 Use Case Description (Detailed Use Cases) (1) Log in Table ‎3.1: Log-in usecase description Use Case Name: Log in Use Case Number:1 Actors: Admin, Lecturer, student Description: This use case describes how Admin, Lecturer and student log into the system. Triggering events: Lecturer, admin and student enter his username and password. Steps Performed (Main Path): 1-System requires users to enter username/password. 2-Users enter username/password. 3-System validate entered username/password. 4-The use case ends successfully. Preconditions: System installed on pc. Admin, Lecturer and student must be authorized. Post-conditions: Log in is successfully. Alternate: If the Admin, Lecturer and student is not fill correctly, the log in fails. (2) Manage student attendance. Table ‎3.2: Manage student attendance usecase description Use Case Name: Manage student attendance Use Case Number: 2 Actors: Admin, Lecturer. Description:

Multicultural and ethnic sensitivity

Paper should discuss multicultural and ethnic sensitive an individual might encounter or face in working in Human Service Agencies. Nowadays people are inseparable from the economic, social, political and historical context. It is very important to comprehend the impact of this on the individuals` conduct. The word â€Å"multicultural† can be defined as interplay between the individuals that represent different minor racial and ethnic groups. We should understand the factors that call forth the attitude to the people from different groups. At this there is a tendency to overstate the differences between groups and conformity inside a particular group as well as the trend to support one group more than the other and can be done thoughtlessly. (G.Ramsey, R.Williams & Vold, 2002) People within one group show more value and trust, better cooperation contrary to competition. When affiliation is strong they show a lot of prejudice. If one group is more powerful than the other one or if resources are not distributed justly it may cause problematic issues. This is what is going on in the United States. (G.Ramsey, R.Williams & Vold, 2002) Such prejudice and viewpoints may cause miscommunication as behavior that corresponds to norm in one group may not be realized or valued by another group. For instance, when one addresses clients by their first name can be admissible for the ones, but can be totally unacceptable by the other minor racial or ethnic group representatives that are used to more proper relations. (G.Ramsey, R.Williams & Vold, 2002) It is said that we could see improvements of the relations within group if affiliation is amended. This can be attained if those who would like to make relationships inside the group better use a â€Å"color-blind† approach while interacting with individuals from other minor groups and differ from them. This may decrease racial or ethnic differences and an accent is made on the global or human slants of behavior. (G.Ramsey, R.Williams & Vold, 2002) In essence the rightful relations between groups can not be achieved only by color-blind approach. From all evidence this kind of approach is not as accurate as multicultural one. But even if we realize every point of individual’s ethnic and racial context this is not enough to get efficacy unless we treat people with the global view. Such a global view is useful to touch on relations between the different groups. (Grant & Lei, 2001) One could treat the client or any other individual in a various ways and this could cause the problems in communication process or could even result in a hasty break of relationship. (Grant & Lei, 2001) The existing works on characterization in the society consider the interaction between the groups within a cultural context and emboldens the comprehension of different factors that have an impact on how we perceive others. (Grant & Lei, 2001) It is very important for everybody to have multicultural awareness and knowledge along with skills. (Grant & Lei, 2001) It is said that in order to reduce the attitude full with stereotypes one should have knowledge of the attitudes and values, The research on reducing stereotypic attitudes and biases suggest a number of Strategies awareness of those attitudes and values, make reasonable efforts for changing the auspicious attitude within group that is shown automatically and reduce the negative perceive of people that represent another ethnic and racial groups. (Grant & Lei, 2001) It is necessary to treat individual as individual and do not divide people into groups. Numerous researches were made in order to help people to decrease prejudice of the members of other groups as if we will be close to those groups and establish contact with their members this will definitely result in a better multicultural interaction and will break the stereotypes. (Shepard, 1994) It is of vital importance to comprehend better and value the outlook of the other groups` members and understand the prospects they have even if they are racially or ethnically different. When you understand the outlook that the client has, including the feeling that he might have being a member of disgraced group, it will help you to realize the prospects he or she might have and eventually the behavior of your client.   (Shepard, 1994) Depending on the outlook and life experience customers may behave in a different ways. They might seek for support in social networks, treatment and persistency in treatment. If you get the sufficient knowledge and will realize the cultural context of the clients you can address this problem. (Walsh, 1996) More over it is recommended to learn the process of historical development and study the history of the United States with the object to its difference form another major social groups` history. We had many examples in the past history like American Indian holocaust, concentration camps in Asia, Latino groups colonization and all this had an impact on the history development and outlook of the individuals. (Shepard, 1994) Any relations between individuals can be considered to be multicultural. One should also gain knowledge on the federal legislation in order to increase susceptibility and to understand the things deeper. In the United States there are major demographic shifts. There are a great number of immigrants from different countries such as China, Mexico, India, the Philippines, Latin America. These people speak their native languages at home while they speak English in their social life. One should be aware of the social environment and how the clients will find it, for instance to offer phone line services in a couple of languages, to offer press in different languages in the waiting rooms and use another methods to show linguistic and cultural susceptibility. (Shepard, 1994) Anyway everyone should show cultural competence while delivering services to the clients. References G.Ramsey, P., R.Williams, L., & Vold, E. B. (2002). Multicultural Education: A Sourcebook. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. Retrieved May 21, 2007, Grant, C. A. & Lei, J. L. (Eds.). (2001). Global Constructions of Multicultural Education: Theories and Realities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Shepard, K. B. (1994, February). ACA, PERF Develop Training on Multicultural Awareness. Corrections Today, 56, 94+. Retrieved May 21, 2007, Walsh, C. E. (Ed.). (1996). Education Reform and Social Change: Multicultural Voices, Struggles, and Visions. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved May 21, 2007,               

What Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not

What Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not With the outcome, you will be in a position to tell where you're already good and where you want to focus more to help you accomplish your desired benefits. Additional class sections could possibly be added to the schedule at a subsequent point in the training course registration period. With the quantity of work that you will need to do for AP Lang, it's the previous class you should slack off in. If you anticipate procrastinating and not doing what is asked by your AP teachers, be ready for a rude awakening at the start of the school year in the shape of an awful project grade. This list provides you with a summary of all of the essential AP English Language and Composition vocabulary. Classification works best when you're requested to analyzeor explainsomething. You may have to combine categories to acquire a complete paragraph. Before writing, make certain your categories and your thesis a re a superior fit. Things You Should Know About Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples It may look like an elementary study tip, but nonetheless, it truly works. Conclusion The AP Lang test may seem to be a daunting procedure at initial glance. however, it's not an impossible undertaking if you understand what you need to do. AP Lang formative assessments can help you approach the course on the appropriate foot as it can point your efforts in the correct direction. Create a study program and strategies. Then, as soon as you have answered all the questions that you feel more confident about, return to the tougher questions, if time permits. It can be beneficial to have a friend help to score your totally free response essays since these are a little more subjective than the multiple-choice section. On occasion the response to the questions can be challenging and rather unnerving. Find approaches to answer the exam in the utmost effective method. Why Almost Ev erything You've Learned About Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Is Wrong Make certain that you use this as it's going to be the nearest sample to the true exam. Besides the content and the true exam format, you are able to also profit from understanding how to answer the exam effectively. This is a technique of approaching the exam that is totally wrong. Get familiar with the exam. Listen, it's so far more than that. Hood College supplies a selection of support services to help students in their transition into the college atmosphere. Students arrive at the Counseling Center with a wide variety of concerns. If at all possible, begin at the start of the semester. Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples - Overview It's perfect for the synthesis essay! Make sure you organize your ideas employing a rough outline before you commence writing. The prompt may request that you talk about the rhetoric devices utilized in a passage. It is possible t o work on the prompt types which you find the most difficult or practice outlining essays in a particular period of time, or writing all 3 essays in 120 minutes. Life, Death and Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Once the outcomes are available, make certain to take note of your performance. To help you better get ready for the exam, it's also wise to have a good comprehension of its scoring system. It can only improve your score. With so several things that you need to remember to receive a fantastic score, acquiring a few tricks up your sleeve will be helpful for you. Studying each and every night might be a little struggle. Produce your own excitement about the prompt and what you need to say about doing it. After you learn your very first new topic or cover an essential idea, review it that night. 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Similar resources are available on the internet or as computer program. Otherwise, there are a number of on-line study resources out there. In addition, the interface is slightly clunky. Instead of simply listing them, provide a succinct description of each device and the way it's used. If you're not a quick reader, you might struggle a little in covering all the materials that you should work on but with a superior study program and schedule, you don't need to be swamped with coursework. To assist you better understand the material for AP Language, you may also take advantage of study tools and other supplemental materials that it is possible to find.

Analysis of Human Trafficking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2170 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? When looking at the list of books to read, I was contemplating which one looked the most interesting. While gazing over Trafficked by Sophie Hayes, I was immediately enticed by the title. After browsing the books summary, the reviews online and learning that this was based on a true story about the authors endeavors, I knew this would be the choice for me. I finished this book in one day, as I could not put it down. This novel was filled with sad, angry, manipulative, heart wrenching stories which coincides with many concepts that have been discussed throughout this communication course. Through the duration of her book, Sophie experiences what it is like to be a part of a muted group, to be categorized as an easy target for a human trafficking victim and how her nonverbal codes handicapped her negatively. Sophies journey starts in England where she was born and raised and then shifts to Italy when she travels to meet her boyfriend Kas; Italy is where most of the story take s place. I am of Italian descent and since I have traveled to Italy many times to visit family, I have a personal experience with what the history and culture is like there. Italy has always been a very religious culture (about 400-600 B.C.), and has so much depth and history that it dates back to before Jesus Christ was born. Italy became a unified country in 1873 but prior to that, Italy was a country of city states that were under the rule of France, Spain, a small of the Taupe States (referring to the Vatican) and the Hungarian and Austrian Empire. Now since this novel is based on human trafficking/prostitution, some interesting facts about prostitution was it was introduced before Italy was even a unified country. According to the article Did you know this about Prostitution? by Procon.Org, the organization states prostitution dates back to at least 2,400 B.C. For Italy, before it became a unified country, brothels, and prostitution was highly looked upon in the middle ages. While there are some places around the world where prostitution is still legal, Italy did not legally prohibit brothels until 1958. When I used to visit my Great Aunt Franceschina in Italy, she used to tell us that she was going to make Puttanesca and that was always followed by a true story of how that pasta received its name. Apparently, prostitutes in Italy (during WWII era) didnt always make the most substantial funding to make a living off of, so after a rather long night of working in the streets they would come home and to save their money, they would throw whatever they had in their pantry to make a sauce for a home cooked meal. This became a popular dish and later was named Puttanesca or better yet knows as pasta of the whores. While prostitution has been around since the B.C. era, Human trafficking was not a concept, (at least for people of white skin) until roughly the early 1900s. It was not until the mid-nineties when the United Nations made the decision to see Huma n Trafficking as a violent act. Due to the decision made from the United Nations, actions were further taken to protect their citizens by ensuring law enforcement became involved to help stop this criminal act. Throughout this novel, macro-cultural, micro-cultural and muted groups were centered around human trafficking. For this specific situation, these groups can be identified differently depending on how an individual personally views each group. For example, one scenario that was portrayed as the macro-culture would be Kas (the man who makes a living off of selling other women), the micro-culture Sophie (known as the prostitute), and the muted group could be the men who actually choose to pay and sleep with the prostitutes. But personally, I believe in this scenario that the macro-cultural group would be Kas, or better known as Sophies boyfriend. Kas would be considered as the macro-cultural group because he was the one in charge of creating the idea to use Sophie for Human T rafficking to make a living. He used positional power to lure Sophie in over a course of four years to only turn on her when she came to visit him in Italy. Little did Sophie know that Kas was not only going to sell her for her body, but also manipulate her and emotionally and physically abuse her. Next, the micro-culture would be the men who pay to sleep with the prostitutes. These men fall under this identifiable group because they share the same set of values and behaviors. Finally, Sophie would be a representation of the muted group for the women who are being sexually trafficked. Muted groups are usually concerned with power, and since Sophie struggled with the power that the macro-group (Kas) had over her and with power that the micro-groups had in purchasing her; that is why I personally believe she would be placed in this group. Another reason I made this decision is because Sophie was a sublet of the micro-culture. She was there specifically to sell her body to the micr o-culture so the macro-culture could make a profit. In this unique dynamic, the macro-culture, the micro-culture and the muted groups just so happen to shadow the idea of the seller, the buyer and the performer. Categorizing others seemed to be an ongoing theme that was displayed many times in this novel. When Sophie was old enough to find her own place, and move into a flat in London, she became a very strong yet lonely individual. She made it very hard for men to approach her. She built up walls because of how her father treated her and because of that emotional trauma, she seemed to shut men out. For example, Erion was a man she met in a bar and he and her were meant to be together. He was sweet kind, and would never hurt a fly. But since Sophie had built up so many walls, she pushed him away and started to unveil some rude and angry behavior to Erion that her father bestowed upon her. Since Erion was on a visa, he ended up being deported back to Albania. This eventually led t o the two breaking up as Sophie was not ready to settle down. When she met Kas, they started off as just friends. Over a course of four years, he learned everything about Sophie and I think this is when he began categorizing her as an easy target for a human trafficking victim. Sophie discussed with Kas her childhood, what she went through with her father and all her feelings of emotions for other men. I think because she became so vulnerable to Kas, he saw her as a naive young woman, that seemed to have all of the qualities that would be easy to lure her in and for him to convince her that he really does care for her; since her father never did. He was able to fill the void that her father never could, but in reality, Kas was just like her father but even worse. Racism and Discrimination was also mentioned in this book several times. Racism and discrimination mostly came from Kas. For example, in Chapter 6 of the novel Trafficked by Sophie Hayes, Kas stated you only go with Ital ian men, no blacks, no Moroccans, Moldovans, Albanians, Romanians. (Page 65-66) This was in reference to who Sophie could sleep with when she was working. I am not sure as to why Kas was racist or used discrimination towards those different ethnic men, especially since he was Albanian himself, but he just knew that he did not want Sophie to sleep with them. Sophie extremely struggled to adapt to her new environment and living with Kas in Italy. Since Kas was so manipulative, physically abusive and bi-polar, Sophie had to learn how to react to his anger as she was so caught off guard from his instant change in behavior. Kas played the nice guy to her for over four years. When Kas finally turned on her and explained to her that if she loved him she would have to sell herself for sex, as she had no other choice than to do what he told her, is when his anger became infinite. She quickly realized that no matter what she did, shewas never going to be good enough for him. Since Sophie h ad dealt with this with her father as a child, she felt as if she was re-living her worst nightmare over again. For Sophie to acclimate to her situation that she could not escape from, she tries her best to use verbal codes to keep him happy, but due to Sophies frightened feelings, she continuously and unconsciously uses nonverbal codes that contradict the verbal message she is trying to display. For example, a few months into Sophie being used as a prostitute, Kas asked her to make him a pasta dinner. Unfortunately, she did not do it to his standards and when Kas questioned her on why she did not do it correctly, she explained that she didnt mean to make that mistake and that she was trying her best. But since Sophie had displayed a nonverbal cue that she was scared, because she knew that she was going to be physically beaten due to her mishap, Kas questioned her as to why hes afraid of him and then threatens her by discussing that hes going to give her something to be afraid o f; that threat always became an act of violence. When Sophie finally returned home, she was suffering from PTSD. According to the article Effects of Abuse by Kathryn Patricelli, Patricelli states post trauma conditions such as PTSD occur in the aftermath of a significant trauma (where trauma is defined as exposure to some event that involves the threat or reality of death (either ones own or anothers.)) Sophie experienced a PTSD trigger when she reunited with Erion in London and flinched when he went to touch her on the shoulder. PTSD takes a long recovery time especially for something as traumatic like human trafficking along with physical and verbal abuse. An important quote that I live by is always try to understand others. I have always been a very empathetic person, but I feel as if reading Trafficked took my empathy to another level. human trafficking is an awful act to do to another human being, but it was not until I read this book did I know how bad some of the circumst ances some of these ladies have to go through and live with. I learned a new side of modern day Italy. I always knew and heard the stories from my family in Italy of human trafficking and how it has progressed over the years there, but I never knew how bad it actually was. To hear Sophies full version and to learn exactly what she went through saddened and angered me. Although Kas was not born and raised in Italy, it still hurt to see that men originally from Italy, a country that I derive from, would support the use of prostitution; but I also have to remember to be rational and understand that maybe those men didnt know that Sophie was being human trafficked, and maybe just thought that she was selling herself for money (regardless it is still a shameful act). I believe that I was able to identify with Sophie emotionally and cognitively as she really made me feel like was right there with her. I cried so many times throughout this book, which I never do, out of anger and sadness. I was angry that she didnt try to escape but knew exactly why she didnt and I felt so much sadness for her since she was repeatedly emotionally and physically abused; I have seen what that can do to women mentally and its a long healing process. Kas threatened her many times that if she left or didnt do as she was told, he would go after her family. She let me step into her shoes to feel exactly what she was going through and while I questioned her thought process many times on why she didnt try to get out of her situation, I constantly reminded myself that I probably would have done the same thing; most importantly to protect my family. While I would like to think that I was able to truly step into Sophies shoes and understand every decision that she made, I know this is far from the truth because I will never know exactly how it feels to be human trafficked and I hope I never have too. But I do believe that I empathize completely with her by feeling for another person who is s uffering. The things Sophie went through were extremely traumatic and she was able to further my understanding of how bad todays human trafficking conditions are. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of Human Trafficking" essay for you Create order